Introduction: Methamphetamine is a stimulant of the central nervous system that is usually misused. This study aimed to determine the effects of methamphetamine on the diameter and thickness of seminiferous tubules of adult male rats’,Main gonad. Method: Twenty adult male rats weighted 200 to 220 gr were used in the current study. They were divided into study and control groups, each consisting of 10 rats. The study group received 2 mg per body weight of methamphetamine in the first three days and 5 mg in the next four days in peritoneum. The control group, on the other hand, received 0. 5 ml per rat of physiologic serum in the the peritoneum. Twenty-four hours after the last injection, the rats were killed, and the Main gonad was taken out of the scrotum. After tissue passage and dying with hematoxylin and eosin, the Main gonad was observed with an optic microscope, and the results were analyzed using an independent t-test. A value of P<0. 05 was considered to determine the level of significance between the two groups. Results: The findings showed that using methamphetamine significantly decreases the average diameter and thickness of the epithelium of seminiferous tubules of rats. It was also found that the weight of rats and gonads decreased, but it was not statistically significant. Conclusion: The results of this study show that methamphetamine is a poisonous compound for the Main gonad of male rats due to the degeneration and atrophy of seminiferous tubules

The present study was conducted to determine the gonadal differentiation of male and female fish in Tor grypus. In this study, 200 litter larvae in 1-10 cm size with an average weight of 3. 5 ± 2. 3 grams were sampled every 14 days from March 2011 to December 2012. In December, larvae were transferred to the laboratory. Standard procedures for histology, dehydration, clarification and paraffin were stained with Hematoxylin and Eosin staining methods. Then a 5 micron section was made of them and examined by a light microscope equipped with a monitor and camera. Pear-shaped male gonads were seen with a single mesenteric barrier (the future testes of the Shirbut) and in the female ducklings fed to the peritoneum on both sides (the future ovaries of the Shirbut). Germ cells with gonocytes (sexual cells) were visible at 7 cm for male 152 days after hatching. In fish, the first symptoms of morphologic diagnosis appeared in 113 days after hatching, in fish with a body length of 4. 2 centimeters. On the 117th day after hatching, the first ovarian cells appeared in the 3. 5cm material. The final formulation of the gonadal microscopic structure in males with a length of 10 cm in 300 days and in materials with a length of 9 cm in 217 days occurred, indicating that the final formulation in the materials Males occur sooner rather than later. In the 6-6-6-centimeter, the distinction was completed at 145-113 days after hatching, with the advent of the first symptoms of cytological differentiation. In total, sexual maturation were observed in males 300 days after hatching and in females earlier than males and 217 days, which should be considered in artificial proliferation.

Evaluation of pathological effects resulting from levels lower than the lethal concentration of Roundup on gonad tissue and gonad index of male breeders rainbow trout of south of the Caspian Sea was conducted during the fall of 2011.Number of 120 fish with a average weight of 185 grams were exposed to 25%, 50%, and 75% of concentration of LC50 of Roundup. Three treatments including 5, 10, and 15 ppm with a control group were established. Testing period, were considered in two periods of 5 and 10 days. gonad tissue were sampled at the end of each period. Studies on the effects of estrogen-like compounds showed that these compounds affect fish gonad tissue. The results showed that Roundup affects the maturation of sexual cells in both trials but no significant difference was observed between them. In 75% of concentration of LC50, demolition and removal of large number of spermatogonia from spermatogenesis cycle finally led to reduced production of spermatozoa. In 25% and 50% of concentration of LC50, arrangement of  lobules was irregular and less and more dispersed spermatogonia was observed in content of tubes. Primary spermatocytes (SPI) and secondary spermatocytes (SPII) were observed in form of cluster. In fact, there was no significant difference between 25% and 50% of concentration of LC50. The results also showed that gonad index decreased in both trials from low to high concentrations compared with the control.

BACKGROUND: gonad shielding has been extensively advocated during pelvic radiography at or below reproductive ages. The popular practice of gonad shielding is placement of a lead shield in the midline of the pelvis. The aim of this study was to address the prevalence of gonad shielding and find out whether the current practice of gonad shielding can be considered as an effective method to reduce radiation exposure in patients undergoing pelvic radiography. METHODS: National and international electronic databases, including PubMed, MEDLIN, EMBASE, and Google-Scholar, were searched up to January 2016. The database searches were supplemented with manual searches of reference lists. Two authors independently assessed the eligibility of all studies and extracted data. RESULTS: The searches yielded a total of 243 publications. After assessing each identified study against specific inclusion exclusion criteria, 18 studies were deemed as relevant for this review. The total prevalence rate of gonad shielding was estimated at 58% (95% CI: 40 to 74%). It was estimated that only 34% (95% CI: 25 to 44%) of the radiographs had correct positioning of the shield. Also, incorrect positioning of the shield was statistically significantly higher in females than males (85% vs. 52 %; P-value < 0. 001). CONCLUSIONS: Our study demonstrates that the current practice of gonad shielding during female pelvic radiography should be no longer considered as an effective method to reduce radiation exposure. Training the best qualified radiographers is the key to accurate positioning of the shield in male subjects.

Background: Serum insulin variations are occasionally observed in patients suffering infertility or gonad failure. The Main purpose of the present study was to clarify the effects of gonadectomy and sex steroid hormone replacement on serum insulin level in rats. Materials and Methods: Male rats were divided into control, orchidectomized, and testosterone receiving orchidectomized animals. Female rats were also divided into control, ovariectomized, progesterone or estradiol receiving ovariectomized animals. Testosterone (50mg/kg/day) or progesterone (20 mg/kg/day) and estradiol (200μg/kg/ day) were injected intraperitineally or subcutaneously, respectively. The period of 4 weeks was considered for each experiment. After 4 weeks, serum insulin was measured and compared statistically between the groups (ANOVA).Results: In male rats, orchidectomy caused to decreasing (p<0.001) but testosterone replacement resulted in increasing of serum insulin level (p<0.01). In female rats, ovariectomy caused to decreasing of serum insulin (p<0.001) and estradiol replacement prohibited but progesterone replacement could not prohibit the decreasing of insulin secretion after ovariectomy (p<0.001). Conclusion: our findings indicated that sex steroid hormones play a pivotal role in insulin secretion. Therefore, in patients suffering infertility or gonad failure caused by gonadal hormones disorders, insulin pathophysiology should be considered clinically.

Bazaars are among the few historical buildings that still continue to operate. The Bazaar in a city has been important not only from economic aspects but also from cultural and social aspects. Today, the empty space of such urban spaces, which can become a lasting space by creating a sense of belonging and peace, while meeting the needs of today's people, is felt very much. Sound is one of the Main factors in creating memories in the human mind. In order to investigate the role of sound in the traditional architecture of Iran, a research was conducted in the Vakil Bazzar of Shiraz. The final goal of this research is to investigate the quantitative and qualitative conditions of the sound using sound meter software in the Vakil Bazzar of Shiraz. The permissible level of noise pollution in urban spaces is 60 decibels based on the resolution of the Supreme Council of Environmental Protection of Iran for commercial areas. The results of this research indicate that in the quietest conditions, the noise pollution for at least 33% of the Bazzar space is higher than the maximum allowed amount of noise pollution. How to improve the sound conditions in Vakil Bazzar, such as reducing noise by creating a masking sound source, creating a pond and a fountain, is one of the most important results of this research.